The Great Expansion Of The 20th Century Essay - 1666 Words

By the turn of the 20th century, both agricultural interests and large urban cities like San Francisco and Los Angeles needed more water for its rapid growth. In all this great expansion of aqueducts and dams, concerned citizens like John Muir proclaimed that more must be done to protect the majesty and beauty of California before it is all gone. Inspired by the writing of Henry David Thoreau, which published Walden, a landmark book on the topic of environmentalism, and his years exploring and camping in the Sierra Nevada wilderness, Muir began to gather like-minded scientists and thinkers in San Francisco. Efforts by Muir and the formation of his Sierra Club in the 1890s eventually met with success in convincing the federal government to protect the Yosemite Valley from logging and grazing interests, preserving the area into a newly formed forest reserve concept of a national park (Fox, p. 106). Muir had less success in preserving the sister valley of Hetch Hetchy, which eventually was dammed and flooded to use as a reservoir for the inhabitants of San Francisco. Up till the 1950s, environmental activism was fractured among diverse groups with diverse causes: water quality, overpopulation, air quality, clean beaches, toxic wastes, pesticides, endangered wildlife. Yet, in 1950, the Sierra Club, led by native Californian David Bower, eventually secured its national reputation in the battle against another massive dam proposal, this time the Echo Park Dam project in Utah.Show MoreRelatedAP Us History DBQ977 Words   |  4 PagesDBQ American expansionism in the late 19th century and early 20th century was, to a large extent, a continuation of past United States expansionism, while also departing with previous expansionism in some aspects. During the period of time between the late 19th century and early 20th century, America was going through significant changes. After a revolution in Cuba against the Spanish, as well as the Americans starting the Spanish-American War, the Americans received several territorial concessionsRead MoreCapitalism Has Evolved Into Imperialism1589 Words   |  7 PagesAt the turn of 19-20th centuries, capitalism has evolved into imperialism. The world was almost completely divided between the major powers. Uneven economic and socio-political development intensified. States, which entered the path of capitalist development (USA, Germany and Japan) after the others, quickly moved forward and pressed the old capitalist countries - Great Britain and France out of the global markets, aggr essively seeking redistribution of colonies. The most acute contradictions haveRead MoreThe 19th And 20th Century Imperialism1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe 19th and 20th century imperialism was substantially about the exploitation of the empires colonies and thus was not a necessarily an ‘civilizing mission’. During the 19th and 20th century European powers tried to justify their actions, by claiming that they were trying to re-educate the native population through education, this included Christian missionaries which were placed throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, it became apparent that these powers gained significant wealth byRead MoreEssay on 20th Century English Literature647 Words   |  3 PagesBritish Literature II Defining Literary Techniques of 20th Century English Literature During the 20th Century, much advancement and change occurred throughout English Literature. All of the works we studied from this period were heavily influenced by current events in the world. The writers all examined the world around them and tried to express it through their writings. The three things that weave a common thread throughout all 20th Century English Literature are global warfare, radical artisticRead MoreThe First Glimpse Of Globalization1573 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization is the process in which a world-wide circulation of goods, ideas, and people takes place. Historically, there were two periods of profound expansion, the 15th and 16th century and 20th and 21st century. In both cases, these eras of globalization were preceded by periods of enriched thinking, sharing, and scientific revolutions. The renaissance is a prime example of an era when ideas and knowledge flourished and spread throughout Europe. This newfound age of discovery resulted in globalRead MorePolitical Party During The 20th Century1411 Words   |  6 Pages the 20th century signifies a large part of American history. The events that occurred during that time period helped mold the United States into the world leader it is today. While the 20th century was dominated by Democratic leaders, the Republican party still had presidential icons such as Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Dwight Eisenhower. With the amounts of political pull on both sides, it raises the question as to which political party was more successful during the 20th century. AlthoughRead MoreCadbury : A Leading Chocolate And Confectionery Manufacturer1638 Words   |  7 Pagesconcentrated on the cocoa business, which led to the firms expansion, until 2010 that Kraft; the US food company took over it. (Cadbury, ‘n.d.’). Cadbury is noteworthy, as it has kept all its historical documents accessible, which helps to the subject of the business and cultural concept, since there is lack of studies in this era. In this essay we consider the question of whether Cadbury’s represents a ‘typical’ example of 19th Century family capitalism by examining the features of this businessRead MoreImperialism : The Age Of Imperialism1010 Words   |  5 PagesIndira Yuldasheva C band Expansionism Essay The late 19th century and early 20th century is known as the â€Å"Age of Imperialism†, a period in which major world powers, including the United States, adopted a policy of expansionism. Expansionism is defined as the policy of territorial or economic expansion, which is often achieved through diplomacy or military force. During this time period, the United States notably acquired territory in the Pacific and Latin America. The nation’s growing colonialRead MoreHistory of Music Education in America1580 Words   |  7 Pages America has a great history from the beginning. It began with the migration of people from Europe. They colonized the states and began life there. They eventually fought for their freedom and now are the United States of America. Within this history is another profound history, which is the history of music education in America. Music education has changed and grown dramatically from century to century from the 18th century to present times. Each century show a great moment and growth in the historyRead MoreThe Major Events Of The 20Th Century Were Characterized1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe major events of the 20th century were characterized by devastating political experiences of wars and totalitarianisms that were born out of the shifts in philosophical, social, political and economic ideologies and movements across many regions of the world. During this time in history, communism took root in many states where people took control of the economies in order to establish a communist society that was based on a social economic order that was structured upon common ownership of the

Essay about Slave Narrative Comparison (Douglass and...

Alysha McFall @02640589 Humanities I Paper Due: Feb. 18 Douglass/ Beloved Slave narratives are published diaries of the different experiences slaves undergo while enslaved. They can be written in many different styles and from extremely different points of view. Although they are all slaves, they all have different experiences on their plantations either better or worse. The Narrative of Fredrick Douglass: an American Slave was written by Fredrick Douglass in a chronological style. He went from childhood to present and basically told a story about his life. Beloved by Toni Morrison, is a factual novel that tells the story of a slave by using flashbacks, or re-memories, because the main character is not a slave in the present†¦show more content†¦During his early childhood, he was separated from his mother because his master did not want either one of them having an emotional connection to each other. Later on, his master died and his new owner put his grandmother up in a hut to rot until her death, instead of freeing her. Because of his co nstant separation from his family, it was very hard for him to get close to people because he always knew in the back of his mind that they would only be forced to separate. Detachment among family is a life-changing event and can really make people lonely. In both stories, the audience can see that the masters never really think about how the way they treat their slaves might be affecting them as a person. The way slave owners â€Å"discipline† their slaves is also a huge issue that affected the slaves’ overall emotional state, as well as the way the masters are â€Å"punished† for their wrong doings. In Beloved, Sethe was whipped, almost to death, by School Teacher’s nephews because she told him that his nephews had been treating her poorly. Neither of the boys ever received punishment for this deed. This novel does not have very many punishment scenarios and it is not a big theme in this book. School Teachers opinion of discipline is very differ ent form Mr. Garner’s, the Sweet Home master. Mr. Garner said you have to give your slaves respect and they respect you back, he even considered their opinion in many of hisShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1479 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Behind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of the 19th century. With his oratorical appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the citizens of Rochester to be aware of the hypocrisyRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1480 Words   |  6 PagesBehind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of 19th century. With his oratorical and literacy appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the leading citizens of Rochester to be aware of theRead MoreTwo Contrasting Views of Slavery in Literature: Beloved and American Negro Slavery2068 Words   |  9 PagesIn this essay, I will be examining the works of two authors on the topic of slavery in America: Ulrich B. Phillips American Negro Slavery (1918) and Toni Morrison Beloved (1987). One writes as a Southerner and a historian who is defending southern slaveholders and draws upon contemporary racial theory to justify the system as beneficial to African Americans. The other writes as an African-American woman who is looking to write women into history and in doing so, add a female voice to the pastRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesall the more lamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as

Concept of E-Commerce Company in Singapore Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Concept of E-Commerce Company in Singapore. Answer: Introduction E-commerce has reduced the period to a considerable amount, which was never possible with the traditional form of shopping. It has not only provided solutions to the business companies but also helped the customers by providing them some form of business opportunities. The kinds of business involved in the e-commerce is strongly captivating the minds of all such as the government, the organizations and the local customers (Barnes and Hunt 2013). The main purpose of this assignment is to check the efficiency of the Lazada Company, which is based in Germany. It is an e-commerce Company and is continually exiting about having an entry into some other potential market. The chosen market for the Company would be China. Rocket Internet laid down the foundation of the Company in the year 2011. Ever since its inception, it is continually engaged rapid evolution of the business. This is because of the fact that the Company has now its operational sites also in some other parts of world such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia and Philippines (Lazada.sg, 2017). The main purpose of the assignment is to check the competitiveness of the Lazada in Singapore. Moreover, it would also check the potentiality of the Company for the entrance into the Chinese market. Nevertheless, it would also enquire the threats of its competitors in the Chinese market. Value Chain of Lazada The understanding of customer behaviour and the market hold of Lazada have also attracted giant companies from other parts of world such as Tesco of UK. The slumping benefits of the Company in UK have forced them to think of some other parts of world. The Company is not that much a success in the South-East Asia market. This is because of the fact that the Company is interested in operating with Lazada to have success in their business in the Asian market. The motivational approach of Lazada has also attracted the giant Company Tesco. The Lazada believes in delivering as the Amazon of the Asian countries. Despite of all the success, which Lazada is bagging to its credit, it is very difficult to calculate the level of success for the Company in the coming future. The Company is engaged in investing a huge amount in constructing the supply chains, reliable services of delivery and warehouses. However, Lazada is adding value to its products by producing some significant approaches such as one-stop shopping destination, secured mode of shopping and accessible shopping. Apart from all the local and international brands, it also has some products that are exclusive to the Lazada. It adds value to the products by providing an easily accessible mode of shopping (Da Costa 2016). The Company as stated earlier is adding values to its products by also understanding the behaviour of customer. The multiple options for the payment is also another point that is adding values to its manufacturing and services. The payment such as credit card, cash on delivery and PayPal are all part of the shopping from Lazada. Interestingly, in Singapore, this is one of those companies, which are offering the facility of cash on delivery payment to the customers. The cash on delivery payment is widely popular among the customers that do more shopping on the e-commerce platforms. Lazada has even performed well in those parts of the world where others do struggle such as Philippines and Indonesi a. This is because of the fact that there are several barriers to the logistical operation in such countries. Lazada; however, have found solution to the problem with its unique and complex chain of supply. The seamless planning to achieve a great supply chain has made this Company able in hitting hard in the market. Supply chain is such a problem that has the potential to hamper the business of any organization (Jusoh and Ling 2012). Key Competencies of the Company Key competencies are those factors that are proving wonderful in favour if its bearer. Few years older, Company Lazada has already left a huge influence of its performance in the market. The Company is performing up to the potential level. The intention of the Company is sky high as they are aimed to achieve the status of Amazon in the Southeast Asia market. The performance of the Company has made this one of the top performing retail companies in the market where it presently exists (Schniederjans, Cao and Triche 2013). Unlike other parts of world such as China, US and India, Southeast Asian parts are less developed in terms if e-commerce success. However, the countries are slowing holding their grip in the market. Initially, China, USA and India were not as successful as now; however. With the passage of time, things have been changed now. It is an undeniable fact that the Southeast Asian parts would also grow in terms of their e-commerce business. Following are some of the factors that are contributing in the success story of the Lazada Company: Cash On Payment - This is one of the factors behind the success of Lazada Company, which is not the part of many companies. Cash on delivery is the widely popular mode of payment that has captivated the minds of customers. Customers prefer more to pay on cash. This might be because of the fact that they believe this to be safest options. This is one term related to the traditional form of shopping where one is needed to pay the amount only after the commencement of shopping. However, this modern form of shopping has not only eased the life but has also reduced the time level for the shopping. Anything, which offers time effective operation, is well worth for those that have tough schedules (Pardalos and Tsitsiringos 2013). Supply Chain This is one of the most vital factors for working into the Southeast Asia especially in Indonesia and Philippines. Many companies in past have failed in maintaining a healthy supply chain in those part. However, Lazada has exceptionally performed well in that regard. The seamless performance of the company in the management of supply chain has contributed huge in the success of the Company just within the span of short time. They have focussed a huge on maintaining a flawless supply chain management, which has also resulted in wonder for the Company. The logistics management of the Company have also contributed huge as the results show that almost 50 to 60 percent of the orders are coming from the big cities that are outside (Niranjanamurthy et al. 2013). Sophisticated Online Experience The one important point, which is keeping Lazada apart from most of the e-commerce companies in the Southeast Asia part is their unmatched online shopping experience. Its competitors such as Zalora are basically just an online platform for fashion designing costume and accessories. However, Lazada is more like an online mall that provides easy operation from just the point of clicking to the entire shopping experience. This is one thing, which has helped the Company in gaining much success in this part of the world, as people here are very much available on the internet. Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia are some of the potential places for the online shopping. Other companies have failed in penetrating the two potential online places such as Indonesia and Philippines (Kou 2013). Lazada has used its expertise in the Singapore market to capture the dominion here again like other part of the Southeast Asian countries. Unlike other countries of the Southeast Asian part, Singapore is one of the most established markets. When Lazada headed to the Singapore market, they just mentioned that the intention is to increase the area of business not to capture the market. The strategy is very effective in its own area as it provides a long-term success planning of the company in the Singapore market. To maintain the competitiveness in the Singapore market, Lazada has planned something different. The Company is planning to tie hands with the leading e-commerce Company of China Alibaba. The plan is to utilise the largest shopping platform of Alibaba with the special dedicated website link from the Lazada. This would help Lazada in proving the same dominion in the Singapore market. Moreover, the success would encourage them for some other potential market such as China. Laza da is adding its expertise in the feather of one of the largest e-commerce companies of the world. The trick has worked for the Company in Singapore as it has emerged out as one of the leading brands in the e-commerce companies in Singapore (Gangeshwer 2013). External Environment of the Chosen market The market of choice for the Lazada Group is China, which attracts the participation of bulk number of outside companies into the market. China is the second largest retail market of the world and one of the largest markets for e-commerce. However, it would not be an easy business for the Company the external environment in China is very challenging. Moreover, the country is also featuring some of the worlds most powerful e-commerce companies such as Alibaba Group. The choice of country for Lazada is China because of several factors such as some that are mentioned below (ChinaAbout.net, 2017): PESTEL analysis of a new market Political The political environment in China is stable not like other parts of world such as India and Pakistan where the flourishing of any companies depend heavily on the political condition (Niranjanamurthy and Chahar 2013). Economy The economy of the country is undoubtedly one of the strongest in the world. Arguably, both China and India are the emerging giants in terms of economy. This is one of such factors, which have attracted bulk participation of a long list companies to this part of world. Walmart is one of such examples, which was attracted towards the growing economy of the country. The profit of the Company was slumping to the lower position in its home country. This was another factor, which has compelled the Company in attracting towards the Chinese market. However, the Company never gained any high success in the market because of the strategy, which it had outlines for the Chinese market. Nevertheless, the Chinese market has not stopped attracting foreign companies (Pt Joseph 2015). Social The e-commerce market is already towards the developing area, which is making this as one of the most suitable places for enhancing the business of the e-commerce companies. People here have significant passion for the online for of shopping. This is something that makes this attractive for the foreign companies. The socio-cultural lifestyle of the people and their love for the online form of shopping has contributed great in the success of Alibaba Group in China. Another most important factor is the rate of literacy in China, which is almost equal to 92.8%. This is something that speak about the potentiality of the e-commerce market in China (Segovia, Szczepaniak and Niedzwiedzinski 2013). Technology Technology is an integral part of China, which has even challenged the dominion of the United States through rejecting the usage of Goole search engine in China. In place of this, they have imposed and introduced their own online search engine Baidu, which is providing an alternative solution to the Google platform. The duplication of major Smartphones such as of Samsung does present the rate of efficiency of the Chinese technology. China is one of the most powerful countries in terms of technological advancements (Iddris 2012). Environmental Environmentally, the country is less safe as it has some problems that are significant. The shortage of water, varied climate at the different regions, natural disasters such as flood and less efficient carbon technology are some of the environmental related problems that are a problem for the foreign companies. These all are the problems for the labour or employees, as they might not enjoy these differences (Fernie and Sparks 2014). Legal The local government rules and regulations are less in favour to the outside companies as it pretends to support the local companies more. They tend to allocate the good locations to the local companies for fostering their growth. This indeed forces the foreign companies to suffer. Despite of this problem, another problem in the country is with the state union that tends to oppose the businesses of outside companies. High labour costs are other very important factor that tends to reduce the profit margin of a Company (Bing 2013). Porters Five Forces Competition analysis of the Chinese e-commerce market is as follows: Rivalry within the e-commerce market The rivalry in the e-commerce market in China is medium because of the fact that the intention of companies is more towards attracting the participation of customers. The companies are not directly attracted towards achieving the market shares of competitor companies by doing some extensive marketing of the products. This is because of the fact that a fierce competition in between the companies is less. The highly growing market of B2C has attracted the interests of companies towards adding new customers (Huang, Yoon and Benyoucef 2012). Power of suppliers The power of suppliers in China are low because of three important reasons. All the peoples those who are thronging to the website platform for the shopping, they are usually inclined towards products with the same offers. This means that they are in some terms not brand specific, which makes this clear that the role of supplier is not unique. Another reason behind the facts is the switching cost, which is low for the B2C companies. This means that the rate of switching to other supplier is not expensive. The importance of B2C companies in China is another reason that reduces the power of supplier. They are actually very significant customers of the suppliers. Suppliers cannot afford to break their relationships with these companies (Aydin and Kahraman 2012). Power of customers The power of customers is medium in the China because of four reasons that are very effective in maintaining a healthy balance in between the e-commerce companies and the dominion of customers. B2C websites used to have customers at the most scattered level that purchases any good alone by being on the available platform. The bargaining power is medium because of the fact that the purchasing does not happen in bulk amount. It rather happens when a single customer wants to buy something. The third reasons behind the fact are the growing popularity of the e-commerce market in China, which shatters any sort of threat from the sight of e-commerce companies. One of the most effective reasons behind the fact is the individual buying habit of customers. The shopping happens for individual person not for the entire group. The habit of group shopping would have threatened the power of e-commerce companies in China (Camarinha-Matos, Afsarmanesh and Rabelo 2013). Threat of substitutes Threat of substitutes is higher for the e-commerce companies as price-effective offerings by some other platform can overturn the participation of customers towards the offerings. In this context, the C2C form of shopping is also growing in its popularity, which is a threat for the B2C companies in the Chinese market. C2C is an unofficial kinds of shopping, which is indeed not safe but effective in moulding the costumers towards the offerings. In this platform, other customers tend to offer products at unbelievable prices (Sudhamathy and Jothi Venkateswaran 2012). Threat of new entrants Threat of new entrants in the Chinese market is very high because of the following reasons (Monteiro, Swatman and Tavares 2013): B2C website opening attracts less capital investment Existing C2C websites such as Taobao can enter into the market with their set customer base Distribution channels can be with anyone such as B2B, B2C and C2C which is indeed not a personal property of any Company SWOT analysis Strengths No barriers to market entry Availability of skilled employees Dominion performance in the domestic market Weaknesses Production success in future Market size expansion in the coming future Opportunities Increasing income level Enhancing economy power Threats Inflating tax rates Rules of governments Changing prices Table 1: SWOT analysis of Lazada Source: (Created by Author) One of the main strengths of the Company is their increasing economy, which is dedicated to their unique logistic and supply chain management. However, they seriously lacks in terms of government rules and regulations, which put them under notable pressures. Changing prices of the products is also one of their problems, which is like a constraint to them (Loo 2012). Top 3 ecommerce companies and Lazada Tmall of Alibaba, 360Buy.com and Suning.com are consecutively the top three market shareholders in the Chinese market. Tmall, which is the market leader, has everything from Lamborghinis to panties of lace. It also features competitive B2C brands at its platform. These three of the e-commerce brands have dominated the Chinese market. Of the entire mentioned brand, Tmall is the dominating brand followed by 360Buy.com. The one thing, which is common in between the supremacy of both the Tmall and the 360Buy.com, is their legacy to display a wide range of products o the platform (Hajli 2014). If Lazada in the Southeast part of the Asian countries considered being in competition with the mentioned top rival companies, it would certainly put a tough challenge to those companies. This is because of the fact that Lazada in the Southeast Asian parts tends to have the same format of online facilities such as the availability of all kinds of domestic, international and other competitors brands. Rate of new entrants is high in China, which is supportive to the Lazada Company. However, threat of substitute can anytime pose challenges in front of Lazada in China (Frackiewicz and Grzesiuk 2013). Mode of entry The first point of recommendation for the Lazada would be to reduce the threat of substitutes in China by opening up options for price fluctuation in the products verily depending on the market demand. This would help in holding the customers in odd situations also. The second point of recommendation would be to have a good relationship with the state run union, which is helpful for experiencing a healthy business practising in the country. The last point of recommendation would be for the management of a healthy logistic and supply chain as this ensures a healthy flow of products, which is important for meeting up with the instant requirement of customers. Conclusion E-commerce is a growing concept in some of the worlds potential market such as China, India and USA. The growth has provided another form of shopping, which never existed. However, the trend in itself is conflicting as C2C is also growing with its dominion. Nevertheless, the coming future would produce a healthy competition in between the different concepts of e-commerce. Lazada is a growing prospect for the entire world and a solution for the time saving options of shopping. References Aydin, S. and Kahraman, C., 2012. Evaluation of e-commerce website quality using fuzzy multi-criteria decision making approach.IAENG International Journal of Computer Science,39(1), pp.64-70. Barnes, S. and Hunt, B. eds., 2013.E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Bing, C., 2013.Erfolgsfaktoren im Business-to-Consumer-E-Commerce(Vol. 38). Springer-Verlag. Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Afsarmanesh, H. and Rabelo, R. eds., 2013.E-business and Virtual Enterprises: managing business-to-business cooperation(Vol. 56). Springer. ChinaAbout.net. 2017. Competitive analysis of Chinese E-Commerce Industry with Porter's Five Forces model (1980) - ChinaAbout.net. [online] Available at: https://www.chinaabout.net/competitive-analysis-chinese-e-commerce-industry-porters-forces-model-1980/ [Accessed 15 Apr. 2017]. Da Costa, E., 2016.Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Frackiewicz, E. and Grzesiuk, A., 2013. Model of the SMEs internationalization through e-commerce. Preliminary verification and development of the model.International Journal of Management Cases,15(2), pp.59-76. Gangeshwer, D.K., 2013. E-commerce or internet marketing: A business review from Indian context.International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology,6(6), pp.187-194. Hajli, M.N., 2014. A study of the impact of social media on consumers.International Journal of Market Research,56(3), pp.387-404. Huang, Z., Yoon, S.Y. and Benyoucef, M., 2012. Adding social features to e-commerce. InProceedings of the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research ISSN(Vol. 2167, p. 1508). Iddris, F., 2012. Adoption of E-Commerce solutions in small and medium-sized enterprises in Ghana.European journal of business and management,4(10), pp.48-57. Jusoh, Z.M. and Ling, G.H., 2012. Factors influencing consumers attitude towards e-commerce purchases through online shopping.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(4), pp.223-230. Kou, W. ed., 2013.Payment technologies for e-commerce. Springer Science Business Media. Lazada.sg. 2017. Lazada Singapore Company Profile, History, COD. [online] Available at: https://www.lazada.sg/about/?boost=1 [Accessed 15 Apr. 2017]. Loo, B.P., 2012.The E-society. Nova Science Publishers. Monteiro, J., Swatman, P.M. and Tavares, L.V. eds., 2013.Towards the Knowledge Society: ECommerce, EBusiness and EGovernment The Second IFIP Conference on E-Commerce, E-Business, E-Government (I3E 2002) October 79, 2002, Lisbon, Portugal(Vol. 105). Springer. Niranjanamurthy, M. and Chahar, D.D., 2013. The study of e-commerce security issues and solutions.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,2(7). Niranjanamurthy, M., Kavyashree, N., Jagannath, S. and Chahar, D., 2013. Analysis of e-commerce and m-commerce: advantages, limitations and security issues.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,2(6). Pardalos, P.M. and Tsitsiringos, V. eds., 2013.Financial engineering, E-commerce and supply chain(Vol. 70). Springer Science Business Media. Pt Joseph, S.J., 2015.E-commerce: An Indian perspective. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Schniederjans, M.J., Cao, Q. and Triche, J.H., 2013.E-commerce operations management. World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Segovia, J., Szczepaniak, P.S. and Niedzwiedzinski, M. eds., 2013.E-commerce and Intelligent Methods(Vol. 105). Physica. Sudhamathy, G. and Jothi Venkateswaran, C., 2012. Fuzzy temporal clustering approach for e-commerce websites.International Journal of Engineering and Technology,4(3), pp.119-132.

Marketing System as a Product Intake and Retention

Understanding marketing system Basically, a marketing system is a complex network comprising of sellers, buyers, and other players that meet to trade in a product. The marketing system includes direct players such as the consumers and producers, suppliers, independent entities such as business associations or regulatory agencies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing System as a Product Intake and Retention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kotler and Keller (2012) state that â€Å"in order to build a strong marketing system, it is necessary to ensure that the potential customers will be in a position to identify with the product, due to the benefits it has† (Kotler Keller 2012, p. 32). Reflectively, companies may be endowed with very interesting, proactive, and well packaged product yet customers may not feel the branding strategy of such companies. This is because the marketing strategy may not be ve ry effective in increasing the visibility of such a product. Such an inadequate marketing strategy may result in poor product performance. Bert (2011) states that â€Å"before an organization can acquire customers through the content of its products, it must of course develop a marketing system to attract potential parties† (Bert 2011, p. 37). Specifically, the marketing system communication has become the most common and highly effective among small, medium, and even large companies across Australia. This can be attributed to its flexibility, dynamism, and sustainability. Reflectively, marketing system communication revolves around the optimal utilisation of the communication channel for encoding and decoding information about a product between the company and potential customers (Rossiter Bellman 2005). Marketing system communication is comprised of the elements which are proactive in increasing product visibility and sustainable communication It is imperative for business es to establish the link between product performance and the natures of a marketing communication system. As a matter of fact, it is vital for such businesses to embrace the available knowledge on effective marketing through the use of a marketing communication system (Bert 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effectiveness of any marketing communication system in a business determines the scope product performance, which translates into a better comparative advantage. Besides, the marketing agencies may use this system to review the product performance in line with the marketing objectives or goals. This is because the system has direct influence on customer purchasing behaviour. This makes the marketing system essential in the current business environment. Understanding community engagement Basically, community engagement in a marketing system involves directly encou raging customers to proactively participate in brand evolution. It basically promotes development of sustainable relationships between a customer and the product. Through advertisement, it is easy to understand community perceptions. Advertisements are known to cue the minds of potential customers into associating and identifying themselves with the product. Specifically, this is possible when the advertisements are aligned to community symbols and unique forms of identity, which allows for product content internalisation (Rossiter Bellman 2005). The advertisement offers the cognitive perspective of a product or service perception to influence the purchasing pattern of members of the target group at the individual level. In the product market, life style defines the activities clients are involved in such as beliefs, opinion, health aspects, and interests (Bert 2011). Therefore, any response to an advertisement will originate from the bandwagon technique which heaps pressure on the mind to follow the perceive crowd. As a result, the response will form the risk reversal element. Therefore, a properly structure marketing system is critical towards sustainable community engagement in terms of appeal to needs, desires, and values. Link between community engagement and marketing system The Marketing system is often very complex besides having the ability to improve the product visibility among the players. The marketing system is driven by the object of perfection designed to convey information to customers on the unique features of a product.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing System as a Product Intake and Retention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The community engagement initiatives often engage very emotive marketing language to appeal to the hidden benefits of such a product. Thus, the marketing system and community engagement share the same goal of establishing sustainable relati onship between a product and customers (Kotler Keller 2012). In the ideal, the value and benefits of a product are easy to present to potential customers through an intrinsic marketing system. The values are packaged to ensure that the potential customers find it easy to associate with a product that promotes their cultural orientation. Reflectively, excessive focus on product appearance as part of the community engagement strategy contributes to high usage of such a product since the marketing system will improve its visibility. Thus, through emphasis on the culture of freedom and happiness as visualized in a product, the marketing system and community engagement variables may persuade customers to purchase a product frequently. The decision may be influenced by the need to feign community feeling (Kotler Keller 2012). Upon reviewing a community engagement strategy, it is in order to opine that primary goal is always to convince potential customers to create an identity which can easily follow the suggestions from the advertisement players, who complete the chain of reaction. Thus, acculturation in a product or service is easily promoted through the marketing system (Bert 2011). Development of Milo case Having an intrinsic marketing strategy is a step towards product success in the eyes of the potential customers. Such a strategy determines the direction and underlying factors which influence product intake or acceptance. In the overcrowded beverage industry, product positioning plays very important roles towards improving the sales margin, especially in a market where there are very many perfect substitutes for the Milo brand (Bert 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Adopting the First Mover Strategy, Milo has positioned its products as the first of its kind in the Australian market. Through a defined delivery channel and strong media marketing, the company revolves around optimal benefits control to ensure that the market leader status is well maintained. Different customers for this beverage product are often attracted by the unique packaging and multiple brands for the high-end and low-end customers. The suppliers for the product double up as marketers through their constant promotion of the Milo brand. On the other hand, the Australian trade agency has accredited the Milo brand for meeting the required product standard. The customers have been active in referral marketing on behalf of the company (Kotler Keller 2012). Marketing system: Layton’s’ marketing system model The marketing system model proposed by Layton presents factors that may ensure the presence of a strong marketing system framework. Layton proposed expansion of knowledge, technological change, and institutionalisation of the marketing system. In relation to the Milo product, technological change was applied in the creation of an attractive product that is packed is a biodegradable container. Besides, the product is as a result of a series of research and development using the latest production technology. Expansion of knowledge was applied in the creation of multiple brands for the Milo product. Besides, the company is always proactive in franchising and outsourcing some of the factors of production such as the labour. Under the variable of the institution, the company has established several corporate social responsibility initiatives in Australia (Kotler Keller 2012). Critical discussion Customers’ emotional perspective is driven by the desire and presence of a stimulus that maintains the desire to acquire or associate with a product. Through creating a positive perception, it is easy to cue the minds of potential customers towar ds the actual and perceived benefits of a product. Besides, perception creates the link between product intake and rejection at community level (Rossiter Bellman 2005). The Milo brand’s marketing system has successfully utilised the element of positive perception in promoting the content of the beverage. Since this product targets consumers from both ends of the economic ladder, attitude change techniques should be based on quality and affordability. As a result of a long period of exposure to reliable sources of product information, the Milo brand’s marketing communication system has become instrumental in the institutionalisation of the Milo brand (Dagnino Rocco 2009). Besides, well packaged marketing communication system for the Milo product has skewed human mind to feign identity with the product advertisement strategy. As a matter of fact, these elements are intrinsically integrated as ideal within the community engagement strategy about the Milo. The company ha s a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the Milo product market, quality assurance, cultural compliance, and effective marketing skills when reaching its target market (Kotler Keller 2012). Conclusion Apparently marketing system is instrumental towards product intake and retention. The marketing system is more than the mere advertisement messages or channels. Unlike the marketing system, community engagement is narrow to the perception of the consumer and not the other marketing system players. Reference List Bert, R 2011, Marketing channels: A management view, Thompson South-Western, Sydney, Australia. Dagnino, G, Rocco, E 2009, Competition strategy: theory, experiments and cases, Routledge, New York. Kotler, P, Keller, K 2012, Marketing management, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rossiter, J, Bellman, S 2005, Marketing communications: Theory and applications, Prentice Hall, Frenchs Forest. This essay on Marketing System as a Product Intake and Retention was written and submitted by user Brielle L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Logic behind the look ahead adder essays

Logic behind the look ahead adder essays Problem: Understand and explain the logic behind the look ahead adder. Why is the look ahead adder important, what benefit does it have on the adder circuit. The look ahead adder has many benefits that allows for faster circuit speed over the full adder. The full adder, was created in a way that required a delay to find the outcome of the two inputs to see if a carry out was necessary. The delay would not be a problem using 2, 4 8 or even 16 bit number, but when 32 or 64 bit numbers are used, the delay growths. The solution to this problem was the look ahead adder. The idea behind the look ahead adder is that a simple gate can be added that can evaluate previous process and determine if it will carry a 1 or 0, thus eliminating the delay. The entire process is trying to branch the input into another logical circuit, which will tell the next adder if there is a carry, if the process becomes instantaneous, then there would be multiple adders working at the same time, thus creating parallel processing? However, the look ahead adder adds five addition gates to tell the next adder if the carry out will be a 1 or 0. Is this the simplest way of doing the problem? I agree that the look ahead adder is an easier way, but adding four gates seams to me that it would take just as long to finish the process then the full adder. The entire process forks the two inputs, into OR and AND gates. The OR gate then outputs the result to a AND gate in addition to the carry in. The point is to see if there will be a carry out. Because if either input is 1 and a carry-in is 1, then there is a carry out of 1 and a sum 0. The AND gate then outputs its result to the previous OR gate. The idea is to pass a one or zero to the next sum based on the carry and both inputs. The entire process goes through a series of comparisons to see if there is both inputs are 1 and if either input is 1 AND the carry in i ...

Hangover Remedies and Prevention

Hangover Remedies and Prevention A hangover is a name given to the unpleasant aftereffects of drinking too much alcohol. While a lucky 25%-30% of drinkers are naturally resistant to experiencing hangovers, the rest of you might want to know how to prevent or cure a hangover. Heres a look at what causes a hangover and some effective hangover remedies. Hangover Symptoms If you have had a hangover, you knew it  and didnt need to read a symptom list to get a diagnosis. Alcohol hangovers are characterized by some or all of the following symptoms: dehydration, nausea, headache, fatigue, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, sensitivity to light and sound, trouble sleeping, difficulty concentrating, and poor depth perception. Many people experience an extreme aversion to the smell, taste, sight, or the thought of alcohol. Hangovers vary, so the range and intensity of symptoms may be different between individuals and from one occasion to another. Most hangovers begin several hours after drinking. A hangover may last as long as a couple of days. Hangover Causes According To Chemistry Drinking an alcoholic beverage that contains impurities or preservatives can give you a hangover, even if you only have one drink. Some of these impurities may be other alcohols besides ethanol. Other hangover-causing chemicals are congeners, which are by-products of the fermentation process. Sometimes impurities are intentionally added, such as zinc or other metals which may be added to sweeten or enhance the flavor of certain liqueurs. Otherwise, it matters what you drink and how much you drink. Drinking to excess is more likely to cause a hangover than drinking moderately. You get a hangover because the ethanol in the drink caused an increase in urine production, leading to dehydration. Dehydration causes headaches, fatigue, and dry mouth. Alcohol also reacts with the stomach lining, which can lead to nausea. Ethanol is metabolized into acetaldehyde, which is actually a lot more toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic than the alcohol itself. It takes some  time to break down the ace taldehyde into acetic acid, during which youll experience all the symptoms of acetaldehyde exposure. Prevent a Hangover The only sure way to prevent a hangover is to avoid drinking. While you may not be able to totally prevent a hangover, drinking a lot of water or other rehydrating drink will go a long way toward preventing or lessening most hangover symptoms. Hangover Remedies If drinking water didnt help you out enough or its too later and youre already suffering, there are some potentially beneficial remedies. Drink Water: Youll feel miserable until you are rehydrated. Water is an excellent hangover remedy. So is orange juice, unless your stomach is too upset to handle it.Eat Something Simple: Eggs contain cysteine, which may help combat hangover symptoms. Milk is more food than water, but it serves to rehydrate you while supplying calcium, which may ease your misery.Sodium Bicarbonate: Try a spoonful of baking soda in water to help quell the hangover queasiness.Exercise: It raises your metabolic rate, which helps you clear toxins associated with metabolizing alcohol. Exercise helps you deliver oxygen to your cells, which can increase the speed at which you detoxify harmful compounds.Oxygen: Supplemental oxygen is another way to speed up detoxification after drinking alcohol, without having to exercise.Vitamin B1 or Thiamine: Thiamine helps prevent the buildup of glutarate in the brain, which may be associated with part of a headache associated with a hangover. Other B vitamins are deplete d when you drink, so taking a B vitamin complex may be beneficial. Hangover Dont While it may be alright to take a couple of aspirin to deal with a hangover, dont take a couple of acetaminophen (Tylenol) tablets. Alcohol with acetaminophen is a recipe for potentially lethal liver damage.

Monopoly market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Monopoly market - Research Paper Example In this essay paper, a closer look at impacts of monopoly in businesses is evaluated. Additionally the paper also reflects on the numerous roles of such a business and its negative impacts to the economy. Due to the current global concerns on the environment, many firms have turned to investment that advocate for a green economy. Through such initiatives, many firms have identified different business opportunities that promote such an initiative. At the same time, this has remained an area of just a few people including the early innovators who have ventured into upbringing of new ideas in business. Mostly, many of the existing firms in the automotive industry, for instance, have ignored such opportunities due to the lack assured markets if such products were manufactured. But for such a field, this continues to provide opportunities for many firms with interest to venture into an area that remains dormant, especially if the firm can provide products that prove to be unique. The concept monopoly in business has constantly drawn a lot of concerns among investors in both the public and the private sector. The consumers have also not been left out as they continue to carry the burden of inflated prices for goods and services from the monopolist. Through out the United States, for instance, many monotonous firms have frequently taken advantage of being singled out in the business competitive market. In such a case, many of these businesses have turned their investments into a huge business empire (Rugman & DCruz p.87). In such a market, the consumers have severally raised their concerns on exploitation by such firms due to inflated prices. Due to these reasons investing in such firm would require research to be carried in order to identify key areas of concerns by the consumer. Consumer research is necessary before such an investment. By understanding the consumers needs, investment in the carbon-free market

Difficulties of HR in managing multicultural workforce Essay

Difficulties of HR in managing multicultural workforce - Essay Example Team cohesiveness and task identity were predictors of collaborative problem solving and productivity for R & D teams (Dailey, 1978). Cooperation and collaboration is essential for team success.† Paraphrasing The author suggests that the negative aspects of a culturally diverse team can be reduced by ensuring that team members are not frequently changed. If team members stay together for an elongated period of time then they begin to understand each others’ style of working and know what to expect from the other individual. Team members tend to start cooperating with each other (irrespective of their cultural differences) if they stay together in the same team. The authors stated that team cooperation and collaboration are important elements for any team’s success. Commentary This paragraph is important for the chosen research topic as it highlights an important technique that can be useful to make teams more productive and successful. Many organizations do not fo llow this approach and have no awareness about the importance of keeping team members in the same team structure. This approach can reduce many difficulties for the HR department since instances of lack of coordination between team members can be significantly reduced with this approach. Source: Tilker, Lutz. â€Å"Managing diversity†, SpencerStuart, 2004. ... Diversity management helps to recruit and retain staff because companies take account of the different circumstances of current and potential employees. It strengthens innovation because diversity produces more creativity. And it improves the corporate image because diversity reflects important social values. Paraphrasing The author explains that effective cultural diversity management can prove to increase revenues and corporate value for the company. The improvement in business is due to the provision of better customer service and meeting their requirements in a fitting manner. The author quoted a research of another researcher, who stated that companies with better diversity management techniques are known to be more successful. Such companies are able to understand the problems of existing and new employees therefore they are able to retain more employees than other companies. The author also agreed that diversity promotes creativity in the business processes of the organization and it also helps to attain a positive image for the company. Commentary This paragraph is important for the research since it points out the benefits of embracing multicultural workforces in organizations. Some of the appealing benefits are increased profits, better image of the company and promotion of creativity. This research finding will support the benefits in the research study. Source: Chartered Institute of Personnel and development, â€Å"Managing diversity measuring success†, Change Agenda, 2005. For a multinational corporation, having workforce diversity may help it to be better at dealing with the diverse cultures it operates in and to design and implement strategies to improve market penetration and product differentiation through greater

Network Typologies Essay Example for Free

Network Typologies Essay A network is a system of two or more computers that are connected in some manner. Each computer on the network has access to the files and peripheral equipment (such as printers or modems) on all the other computers on the network. The origin of local area networks can be traced, in part, to IBM terminal equipment introduced in 1974. At that time, IBM introduced a series of terminal devices designed for use in transaction-processing applications for banking and retailing. What was unique about those terminals was their method of connection: a common cable that formed a loop provided a communications path within a localized geographical area. Unfortunately, limitations in the data transfer rate, incompatibility between individual IBM loop systems, and other problems precluded the widespread adoption of this method of networking. The economics of media sharing and the ability to provide common access to a centralized resource were, however, key advantages, and they resulted in IBM and other vendors investigating the use of different techniques to provide a localized communications capability between different devices. However, Datapoint Corporation began selling its Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNet), considered by most people to be the first commercial local area networking product. Since then, hundreds of companies have developed local area networking products, and the installed base of terminal devices connected to such networks has increased exponentially. They now number in the hundreds of millions. Designing a manageable network One of the most important considerations in designing a network to be manageable is deciding how and where to connect the network-management equipment. Is there a separate network-management center to accommodate? Do nonoperational staff members like the network designer sit in a different area? Do they require access to the network-management centers equipment through the network? In general, the design should include a separate virtual local area network (VLAN) just for network-management equipment. The management VLAN was used to access management functions on remote network equipment. This network management-equipment VLAN houses servers and workstations used to manage the network. Design Types A large-scale network design is composed of several common building blocks. Every LAN, of whatever size, has to have an access system by which the end stations connect to the network. There are several inexpensive options for LAN connections, such as Ethernet and Token Ring. As a philosophical principle, the network should be built using basic commonly available technology. The design shouldnt have to reinvent any wheels just to allow the machines to talk to one another. So, just as basic commonly available technologies exist for connecting end stations to LANs, there are common methods for interconnecting LAN segments. Once again, these technologies and methods should involve the most inexpensive yet reliable methods. But in this stage of interconnecting, aggregating, and distributing traffic between these various LAN segments, the designer may run into some serious hidden problems. There may be thousands of ways to connect things, but most of these methods result in some kind of reliability problems. Network topology The topology of a local area network is the structure or geometric layout of the cable used to connect stations on the network. Unlike conventional data communications networks, which can be configured in a variety of ways with the addition of hardware and software, most local area networks are designed to operate based on the interconnection of stations that follow a specific topology. The most common topologies used in LANs include the loop, bus, ring, star, and tree, as illustrated in the figure below Loop As previously mentioned, IBM introduced a series of transaction-processing terminals in 1974 that communicated through the use of a common controller on a cable formed into a loop. This type of topology is illustrated at the top of Figure below. Local area network topology. The five most common geometric layouts of LAN cabling form a loop, bus, ring, star, or tree structure. Because the controller employed a poll-and-select access method, terminal devices connected to the loop require a minimum of intelligence. Although this reduced the cost of terminals connected to the loop, the controller lacked the intelligence to distribute the data flow evenly among terminals. A lengthy exchange between two terminal devices or between the controller and a terminal would thus tend to weigh down this type of network structure. A second problem associated with this network structure was the centralized placement of network control in the controller. If the controller failed, the entire network would become inoperative. Due to these problems, the use of loop systems is restricted to several niche areas, and they are essentially considered a derivative of a local area network. Bus In a bus topology structure, a cable is usually laid out as one long branch, onto which o ther branches are used to connect each station on the network to the main data highway. Although this type of structure permits any station on the network to talk to any other station, rules are required for recovering from such situations as when two stations attempt to communicate at the same time. Ring In a ring topology, a single cable that forms the main data highway is shaped into a ring. As with the bus topology, branches are used to connect stations to one another via the ring. A ring topology can thus be considered to be a looped bus. Typically, the access method employed in a ring topology requires data to circulate around the ring, with a special set of rules governing when each station connected to the network can transmit data. Star The fourth major local area network topology is the star structure, illustrated in the lower portion of Figure 1. In a star network, each station on the network is connected to a network controller. Then, access from any one station on the network to any other station can be accomplished through the network controller. Here, the network controller functions like a telephone switchboard, because access from one station to another station on the network can occur only through the central device. In fact, you can consider a telephone switchboard or PBX as representing a star-structured LAN whose trunks provide connections to the wide area network telephone infrastructure. Tree A tree network structure represents a complex bus. In this topology, the common point of communications at the top of the structure is known as the head-end. From the head-end, feeder cables radiate outward to nodes, which in turn provide workstations with access to the network. There may also be a feeder cable route to additional nodes, from which workstations gain access to the network. One common example of a tree structure topology is the cable TV network many readers use on a daily basis. With the upgrade introduction to networking of many cable TV systems to two-way amplifiers and the support of digital transmission, the local cable TV infrastructure can be considered to represent an evolving type of tree-structured local area network. Mixed Topologies Some networks are a mixture of topologies. For example, a tree structure can be viewed as a series of interconnected buses. Another example of the mixture of topologies is a type of ethernet known as 10BASE-T. 10BASE-T network can actually be considered a star-bus topology, because up to 16 or 24 devices known as stations are first connected to a common device known as a hub, which in turn can be connected to other hubs to expand the network. Transmission Medium Used in LAN. The transmission medium used in a local area network can range in scope from twisted-pair wire, such as is used in conventional telephone lines, to coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and electromagnetic waves such as those used by FM radio and infrared. Each transmission medium has a number of advantages and disadvantages. The primary differences between media are their cost and ease of installation; the bandwidth of the cable, which may or may not permit several transmission sessions to occur simultaneously; the maximum speed of communications permitted; and the geographic scope of the network that the medium supports. Twisted-pair wire In addition to being the most inexpensive medium available for LAN installations, twisted-pair wire is very easy to install. Since this wiring uses the same RJ11 and RJ45 modular connectors as a telephone system, once a wire is cut and a connector fastened, the attachment of the connector to network devices is extremely simple. Normally, a screwdriver and perhaps a pocket knife are the only tools required for the installation of twisted-pair wire. Anyone who has hooked up a pair of speakers to a stereo set has the ability to install this transmission medium. Unshielded twisted-pair Although inexpensive and easy to install, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) wire is very susceptible to noise generated by fluorescent light ballasts and electrical machinery. In addition, a length of twisted-pair wire acts as an antenna; however, the twists serve as a mechanism to partially counteract this antenna effect. Unfortunately, due to the law of physics, the longer the wire length, the greater the noise it gathers. At a certain length, the received noise will obliterate the signal, which attenuates or decreases in strength as it propagates along the length of the wire. This noise can affect the error rate of data transmitted on the network, although lead-shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable can be employed to provide the cable with a high degree of immunity to the line noise and enable extended transmission distances. Examining a building cabling standard and the various categories of twisted-pair that can support different transmission rates which, in turn, enable different types of Ethernet networks to be supported. Because the bandwidth of twisted-pair cable is considerably less than coaxial or fiber-optic cable, normally only one signal is transmitted on this cable at a time. Although a twisted-pair wire system can be used to transmit both voice and data, the data transmission is baseband because only one channel is normally used for data. In comparison, a broadband system on coaxial or fiber-optic cable can be designed to carry voice and several sub channels of data, as well as fax and video transmission. Other constraints of unshielded twisted-pair wire are the rate at which data can flow on the network and the distance it can flow. Although data rates up to 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) can be achieved, normally local area networks employing UTP wiring operate at a lower data rate. In addition, UTP systems normally cover a limited distance, measured in terms of several hundred to a few thousand feet, while coaxial and fiber-optic cable–based systems may be limited in terms of miles. Extending transmission distances over twisted-pair wire requires the periodic insertion of repeaters into the cable. A repeater receives a digital signal and then regenerates it; hence, it is also known as a data regenerator. Coaxial cable At the center of a coaxial cable is a copper wire, which is covered by an insulator known as a dielectric. An overlapping woven copper mesh surrounds the dielectric, and the mesh, in turn, is covered by a protective jacket consisting of polyethylene or aluminum. The figure below illustrates the composition of a typical coaxial cable; however, it should be noted that over 100 types of coaxial cable are currently marketed. The key differences between such cables involve the number of conductors contained in the cable, the dielectric employed, and the type of protective jacket and material used to provide strength to the cable so it can be pulled through conduits without breaking. Two basic types of coaxial cable are used in local area networks. The type of cable used is based on the transmission technique employed: baseband or broadband signaling. Both cable types are much more expensive than twisted-pair wire; however, the greater frequency bandwidth of coaxial cable permits higher data rates for longer distances than you can obtain over twisted-pair wire. Normally, 50-ohm coaxial cable is used in baseband networks, while 75-ohm cable is used in broadband networks. The latter coaxial is identical to that used in cable television (CATV) applications, including the coaxial cable used in a home. Data rates on baseband networks using coaxial cable range from 50 to 100 Mbps. With broadband transmissions, data rates up to and including 400 Mbps are obtainable. A coaxial cable with a polyethylene jacket is normally used for baseband signaling. Data is transmitted from stations on the network to the baseband cable in a digital format, and the connection from each station to the cable is accomplished by the use of a simple coaxial T-connector. Because data on Coaxial cable. baseband network travels in a digital form, those signals can be easily regenerated by the use of a device known as a line driver or data regenerator. The line driver or data regenerator is a low-cost device that is constructed to look for a pulse rise, and upon detecting the occurrence of the rise, it will disregard the entire pulse and regenerate an entirely new pulse. Thus, you can install low-cost line drivers into a baseband coaxial network to extend the distance over which transmission can occur on the cable. Typically, a coaxial cable baseband system can cover an area of several miles, and may contain hundreds to thousands of stations on the network. Obtaining independent sub channels defined by separate frequencies on coaxial cable broadband transmission requires the translation of the digital signals from workstations into appropriate frequencies. This translation process is accomplished by the use of radio-frequency (RF) modems, which modulate the digital data into analog signals and then convert or demodulate received analog signals into digital signals. Because signals are transmitted at one frequency and received at a different frequency, a head-end or frequency translator is also required for broadband transmission on coaxial cable. This device is also known as a demodulator, as it simply converts the signals from one sub channel to another sub channel. Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic cable is a transmission medium for light energy, and as such, provides a very high bandwidth, permitting data rates ranging up to billions of bits per second. The fiber-optic cable has a thin core of glass or plastic, which is surrounded by a protective shield. Several of these shielded fibers are bundled in a jacket, with a central member of aluminum or steel employed for tensile strength. Digital data represented by electrical energy must be converted into light energy for transmission on a fiber-optic cable. This is normally accomplished by a low-power laser, or through the use of a light-emitting diode and appropriate circuitry. At the receiver, light energy must be reconverted into electrical energy. Normally, a device known as a photo detector, as well as appropriate circuitry to regenerate the digital pulses and an amplifier, are used to convert the received light energy into its original digital format. The figure below provides an illustration of the cross sectio n of a single-strand fiber cable. The cladding that surrounds the core of the fiber can be considered to represent a cylindrical mirror whose job is to ensure light stays in the core as it flows along the fiber. The Kevlar fibers add strength to the cable, while the outer jacket, which is commonly colored orange, represents a polymer-based shield that protects the cable from the elements. There are two key factors that govern the manner by which light flows through a fiber-optic cable. Those factors are the diameter of the core and the light source. The first type of fiber-optic cable developed had a relatively large diameter that ranged from 50 to 140 microns, where a micron is a millionth of a meter. The original light source used to transmit information was a light-emitting diode (LED). Horizontal cross section of a single-strand fiber cable The coupling of an LED to a large-diameter optical fiber results in photons flowing along multiple paths through the optical fiber, resulting in the transmission referred to as multimode, which is also the same name used to reference the type of optical fiber. There are two types of multimode fiber, referred to as step-index and graded index. A step-index fiber has a core with a uniform refractive index, resulting in the different components of a light signal in the form of modes or rays flowing in a non-uniform manner through the optical cable. The top portion of the figure below illustrates the flow of light through a step-index, multimode fiber. In a graded-index multimode fiber, the refractive index is varied from the center to the edge of the core to minimize modal dispersion. The middle portion of the figure below illustrates the flow of light through a graded-index, multimode fiber. This type of fiber minimizes model dispersion and supports higher data rates than a step-index multimode optical fiber. A third type of optical fiber has a relatively small core diameter, typically between 7 and 12 microns (10−6 meters). This type of optical fiber permits only one path for the flow of light due to the small diameter of the core. As a result of the lack of modal dispersion, single mode supports a much higher data rate than multimode fiber. Because of the small diameter of single-mode fiber, lasers are used as the light source instead of LEDs. Both the core thickness and the cladding of an optical fiber are measured in microns. The three major core thicknesses used in optical fiber are 50, 62 and 100 microns. The associated claddings for those core diameters are 125 and 140 microns, respectively. Light flow in multimode and single-mode optical fiber. Computer networks are everywhere; from a simple two-node home setup to the vast number of computers on the internet. However, any computer network includes certain basic components, regardless of which operating system one is running. Network scope refers to the extent to which a network provides coverage. There are two major divisions of network scope; Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks. †¢ A Local Area Network (LAN) consists of any number of computers that are linked directly together and are housed in a clearly defined geographic area, such as in a single building or campus. A LAN can only be as large as the physical limitations of the cabling you use which also depends on the cabling type. Usually the computers linked together in a LAN are workstations that can access data on computers on the same LAN, and use devices like printers that are connected to the LAN. †¢ A Wide Area Network (WAN) can span large geographic areas like countries and continents. WANs often contain two or more LANs. At least some of the connections used in WAN rely on long distance communications media such satellite links, long distance fiber optic cable, or specialized high speed telephone lines. WAN technology is essentially used to link all the computers in a multi-site or multinational enterprise in a reliable way Note that the key characteristic of a LAN or WAN is not how big it is, but rather the technologies used to connect the computers. There are other more specialized scopes used to describe networks. These include: †¢ Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): this is a mini-wan or a giant LAN that is confined to a single municipality. A company might use a private MAN to link different offices together within the same compound. Computers on a MAN are linked using high-speed media like fiber optic or dedicated digital lines. This is the typical description of the IITA Ibadan network as will be discussed later. †¢ Storage Area Network (SAN): A specialized LAN linking several network servers that are dedicated to storing large amounts of data in a centralized secure repository. †¢ Personal Area Network (PAN): This is a connection you personally have with the technology that is around you (within your body) e.g. the way your cell phone communicates with your Bluetooth headset and your laptop. Bluetooth and infrared are currently the major types of PAN. Network Topology A network topology refers to the layout of the transmission medium and devices on a network. Topologies use either a point to point or multipoint connection scheme. A connection scheme indicates how many devices are connected to a transmission media segment or an individual cable. An example of point-to-point connection scheme is a printer or modem connected to your computer. Another is two computers connected directly to each other to use file transfer software like windows i.e. the network computer communicates with other network devices via direct cable connection between them. An example of a multi point connection scheme is a star or bus topology network. The entire physical structure of the network is called its physical topology. Star topology: This is a local area network topology where all the nodes are connected individually to a central connecting device called a hub. Signals travel from the nodes to the hub which then sends signals to other nodes on the network. A star topology network is easily scaleable – nodes can be added and removed fairly easily- and if a computer fails, none of the other nodes are affected. However if the hub fails the entire network fails. A hub does not perform any type of filtering or routing of the data. It is simply a junction that joins all the different nodes together.

made up Garfield :: essays research papers

It was just a day at John Arbuckle's house. As Garfield got up at 10:00 am he took a look at his calendar. He took a glance at the day of the week and mumbled "Ha, monday I need to go back to sleep." Just as Garfield was falling back to sleep John yelled "Get up you lazy cat! I need to take you to the vet for your shots." Garfield was wide-awake soon as he heard that and ran into the closet. John grumbled, " I'm not having a good day." Then Garfield opened the door and ran into the center of the room and stopped there. A few minutes later Odie came up behind him and said, "bark". Garfield sprang to the ceiling. Garfield thought to him self " Just what I was waiting for. Now John can't find me up here." "Garfield!!!" John yelled. Then "rip" the wallpaper on the ceiling ripped and down Garfield came. Yet, John grabbed him right out of the air. "OK Garfield let's stop with the games and go to the Vet." John said happily. Soon they were in John's car and going to the vet. When they got to the vet Garfield whispered to himself "Maybe if I can just stall we will miss my appointment with the vet." When they got there Garfield grabbed the seat firmly. John got out and went to the other side to get Garfield. When he got there Garfield was on the drivers side. Then John went to the other side to get him he was on the other side. John mooned " Stop this Garfield!" So John crawled threw the car and grabbed Garfield, but Garfield had clinched the seat firmly and would not let go. John pulled and tugged, but Garfield had a good grip. Then John had a brainstorm " for ones in his life". John unlatched the seat and took the Garfield and the seat into the vets. He just made it on time. John takes the seat and Garfield into the vet who is waiting. The vet was a really fine looking woman. John took one look at her and started flirting with her. They where talking when Garfield saw t his as an opportunity to get out. He jumped out of his seat and ran off into the street. He stopped and looks around this place look filmier to him. made up Garfield :: essays research papers It was just a day at John Arbuckle's house. As Garfield got up at 10:00 am he took a look at his calendar. He took a glance at the day of the week and mumbled "Ha, monday I need to go back to sleep." Just as Garfield was falling back to sleep John yelled "Get up you lazy cat! I need to take you to the vet for your shots." Garfield was wide-awake soon as he heard that and ran into the closet. John grumbled, " I'm not having a good day." Then Garfield opened the door and ran into the center of the room and stopped there. A few minutes later Odie came up behind him and said, "bark". Garfield sprang to the ceiling. Garfield thought to him self " Just what I was waiting for. Now John can't find me up here." "Garfield!!!" John yelled. Then "rip" the wallpaper on the ceiling ripped and down Garfield came. Yet, John grabbed him right out of the air. "OK Garfield let's stop with the games and go to the Vet." John said happily. Soon they were in John's car and going to the vet. When they got to the vet Garfield whispered to himself "Maybe if I can just stall we will miss my appointment with the vet." When they got there Garfield grabbed the seat firmly. John got out and went to the other side to get Garfield. When he got there Garfield was on the drivers side. Then John went to the other side to get him he was on the other side. John mooned " Stop this Garfield!" So John crawled threw the car and grabbed Garfield, but Garfield had clinched the seat firmly and would not let go. John pulled and tugged, but Garfield had a good grip. Then John had a brainstorm " for ones in his life". John unlatched the seat and took the Garfield and the seat into the vets. He just made it on time. John takes the seat and Garfield into the vet who is waiting. The vet was a really fine looking woman. John took one look at her and started flirting with her. They where talking when Garfield saw t his as an opportunity to get out. He jumped out of his seat and ran off into the street. He stopped and looks around this place look filmier to him.

Phil .Literature Essay

Philippine literary production during the American Period in the Philippines was spurred by two significant developments in education and culture. One is the introduction of free public instruction for all children of school age and two, the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools. Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a greater number of Filipinos. Those who availed of this education through college were able to improve their social status and joined a good number of educated masses who became part of the country’s middle class. The use of English as medium of instruction introduced Filipinos to Anglo-American modes of thought, culture and life ways that would be embedded not only in the literature produced but also in the psyche of the country’s educated class. It was this educated class that would be the wellspring of a vibrant Philippine Literature in English. Philippine literature in English, as a direct result of American colonization of the country, could not escape being imitative of American models of writing especially during its period of apprenticeship. The poetry written by early poets manifested studied attempts at versification as in the following poem which is proof of the poet’s rather elementary exercise in the English language: Vacation days at last are here, And we have time for fun so dear, All boys and girls do gladly cheer, This welcomed season of the year. In early June in school we’ll meet; A harder task shall we complete And if we fail we must repeat That self same task without retreat. We simply rest to come again To school where boys and girls obtain The Creator’s gift to men Whose sanguine hopes in us remain. Vacation means a time for play For young and old in night and day My wish for all is to be gay, And evil none lead you astray- Juan F. Salazar Philippines Free Press, May 9, 1909| The poem was anthologized in the first collection of poetry in English, Filipino Poetry, edited by Rodolfo Dato (1909 – 1924). Among the poets featured in this anthology were Proceso Sebastian Maximo Kalaw, Fernando Maramag, Leopoldo Uichanco, Jose Ledesma, Vicente Callao, Santiago Sevilla, Bernardo Garcia, Francisco Africa, Pablo Anzures, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Tonogbanua, Juan Pastrana, Maria Agoncillo, Paz Marquez Benitez, Luis Dato and many others. Another anthology, The English German Anthology of Poetsedited by Pablo Laslo was published and covered poets published from 1924-1934 among whom were Teofilo D. Agcaoili, Aurelio Alvero, Horacio de la Costa, Amador T. Daguio, Salvador P. Lopez, Angela Manalang Gloria, Trinidad Tarrosa, Abelardo Subido and Jose Garcia Villa, among others. A third pre-war collection of poetry was edited by Carlos Bulosan, Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets. The six poets in this collection were Jose Garcia Villa, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Rodrigo T. Feria, C. B. Rigor, Cecilio Baroga and Carlos Bulosan. In fiction, the period of apprenticeship in literary writing in English is marked by imitation of the style of storytelling and strict adherence to the craft of the short story as practiced by popular American fictionists. Early short story writers in English were often dubbed as the Andersons or Saroyans or the Hemingways of Philippine letters. Leopoldo Yabes in his study of the Philippine short story in English from 1925 to 1955 points to these models of American fiction exerting profound influence on the early writings of story writers like Francisco Arcellana, A. E. Litiatco, Paz Latorena. . When the University of the Philippines was founded in 1908, an elite group of writers in English began to exert influence among the culturati. The U. P. Writers Club founded in 1926, had stated that one of its aims was to enhance and propagate the â€Å"language of Shakespeare. † In 1925, Paz Marquez Benitez short story, â€Å"Dead Stars† was published and was made the landmark of the maturity of the Filipino writer in English. Soon after Benitez, short story writers began publishing stories no longer imitative of American models. Thus, story writers like Icasiano Calalang, A. E. Litiatco, Arturo Rotor, Lydia Villanueva, Paz Latorena , Manuel Arguilla began publishing stories manifesting both skilled use of the language and a keen Filipino sensibility. This combination of writing in a borrowed tongue while dwelling on Filipino customs and traditions earmarked the literary output of major Filipino fictionists in English during the American period. Thus, the major novels of the period, such as the Filipino Rebel, by Maximo Kalaw, and His Native Soil by Juan C. Laya, are discourses on cultural identity, nationhood and being Filipino done in the English language. Stories such as â€Å"How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife† by Manuel Arguilla scanned the scenery as well as the folkways of Ilocandia while N. V. M. Gonzales’s novels and stories such as â€Å"Children of the Ash Covered Loam,† present the panorama of Mindoro, in all its customs and traditions while configuring its characters in the human dilemma of nostalgia and poverty. Apart from Arguilla and Gonzales, noted fictionists during the period included Francisco Arcellana, whom Jose Garcia Villa lauded as a â€Å"genius† storyteller, Consorcio Borje, Aida Rivera, Conrado Pedroche, Amador Daguio, Sinai Hamada, Hernando Ocampo, Fernando Maria Guerrero. Jose Garcia Villa himself wrote several short stories but devoted most of his time to poetry. In 1936, when the Philippine Writers League was organized, Filipino writers in English began discussing the value of literature in society. Initiated and led by Salvador P. Lopez, whose essays on Literature and Societyprovoked debates, the discussion centered on proletarian literature, i. e. , engaged or committed literature versus the art for art’s sake literary orientation. But this discussion curiously left out the issue of colonialism and colonial literature and the whole place of literary writing in English under a colonial set-up that was the Philippines then. With Salvador P. Lopez, the essay in English gained the upper hand in day to day discourse on politics and governance. Polemicists who used to write in Spanish like Claro M. Recto, slowly started using English in the discussion of current events even as newspaper dailies moved away from Spanish reporting into English. Among the essayists, Federico Mangahas had an easy facility with the language and the essay as genre. Other noted essayists during the period were Fernando Maramag, Carlos P. Romulo , Conrado Ramirez. On the other hand, the flowering of a vibrant literary tradition due to historical events did not altogether hamper literary production in the native or indigenous languages. In fact, the early period of the 20th century was remarkable for the significant literary output of all major languages in the various literary genre. It was during the early American period that seditious plays, using the form of the zarsuwela, were mounted. Zarsuwelistas Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino ,Juan Matapang Cruz. Juan Crisostomo Sotto mounted the classics like Tanikalang Ginto, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas and Hindi Ako Patay, all directed against the American imperialists. Patricio Mariano’s Anak ng Dagat and Severino Reyes’s Walang Sugat are equally remarkable zarsuwelas staged during the period. On the eve of World War II, Wilfredo Maria Guerrero would gain dominance in theatre through his one-act plays which he toured through his â€Å"mobile theatre†. Thus, Wanted a Chaperone and The Forsaken Housebecame very popular in campuses throughout the archipelago. The novel in Tagalog, Iloko, Hiligaynon and Sugbuanon also developed during the period aided largely by the steady publication of weekly magazines like the Liwayway, Bannawag and Bisaya which serialized the novels. Among the early Tagalog novelists of the 20th century were Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Pena, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K. Santos and Lazaro Francisco. Ishmael Amado’s Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa published in 1909 was one of the earliest novels that dealt with the theme of American imperialism in the Philippines. The novel, however, was not released from the printing press until 1916, at which time, the author, by his own admission and after having been sent as a pensionado to the U. S. , had other ideas apart from those he wrote in the novel. Valeriano Hernandez Pena’s Nena at Neneng narrates the story of two women who happened to be best of friends as they cope with their relationships with the men in their lives. Nena succeeds in her married life while Neneng suffers from a stormy marriage because of her jealous husband. Faustino Aguilar published Pinaglahuan, a love triangle set in the early years of the century when the worker’s movement was being formed. The novel’s hero, Luis Gatbuhay, is a worker in a printery who isimprisoned for a false accusation and loses his love, Danding, to his rival Rojalde, son of a wealthy capitalist. Lope K. Santos, Banaag at Sikat has almost the same theme and motif as the hero of the novel, Delfin, also falls in love with a rich woman, daughter of a wealthy landlord. The love story of course is set also within the background of development of the worker’s trade union movement and throughout the novel, Santos engages the readers in lengthy treatises and discourses on socialism and capitalism. Many other Tagalog novelists wrote on variations of the same theme, i. e. , the interplay of fate, love and social justice. Among these writers are Inigo Ed Regalado, Roman Reyes, Fausto J. Galauran, Susana de Guzman, Rosario de Guzman-Lingat, Lazaro Francisco, Hilaria Labog, Rosalia Aguinaldo, Amado V. Hernandez. Many of these writers were able to produce three or more novels as Soledad Reyes would bear out in her book which is the result of her dissertation, Ang Nobelang Tagalog (1979). Among the Iloko writers, noted novelists were Leon Pichay, who was also the region’s poet laureate then, Hermogenes Belen, and Mena Pecson Crisologo whose Mining wenno Ayat ti Kararwa is considered to be the Iloko version of a Noli me Tangere. In the Visayas, Magdalena Jalandoni and Ramon Muzones would lead most writers in writing the novels that dwelt on the themes of love, courtship, life in the farmlands, and other social upheavals of the period. Marcel Navarra wrote stories and novels in Sugbuhanon. Poetry in all languages continued to flourish in all regions of the country during the American period. The Tagalogs, hailing Francisco F. Balagtas as the nation’s foremost poet invented the balagtasan in his honor. Thebalagtasan is a debate in verse, a poetical joust done almost spontaneously between protagonists who debate over the pros and cons of an issue. The first balagtasan was held in March 1924 at the Instituto de Mujeres, with Jose Corazon de Jesus and Florentino Collantes as rivals, bubuyog (bee) and paru-paro (butterfly) aiming for the love of kampupot (jasmine). It was during this balagtasan that Jose Corazon de Jesus, known as Huseng Batute, emerged triumphant to become the first king of the Balagtasan. Jose Corazon de Jesus was the finest master of the genre. He was later followed by balagtasistas, Emilio Mar Antonio and Crescenciano Marquez, who also became King of the Balagtasan in their own time. As Huseng Batute, de Jesus also produced the finest poems and lyrics during the period. His debates with Amado V. Hernandez on the political issue of independence from America and nationhood were mostly done in verse and are testament to the vitality of Tagalog poetry during the era. Lope K. Santos, epic poem, Ang Panggingera is also proof of how poets of the period have come to master the language to be able to translate it into effective poetry. The balagtasan would be echoed as a poetical fiesta and would be duplicated in the Ilocos as thebukanegan, in honor of Pedro Bukaneg, the supposed transcriber of the epic, Biag ni Lam-ang; and theCrissottan, in Pampanga, in honor of the esteemed poet of the Pampango, Juan Crisostomo Sotto. In 1932, Alejandro G. Abadilla , armed with new criticism and an orientation on  modernist poetry would taunt traditional Tagalog poetics with the publication of his poem, â€Å"Ako ang Daigdig. â€Å" Abadilla’s poetry began the era of modernism in Tagalog poetry, a departure from the traditional rhymed, measured and orally recited poems. Modernist poetry which utilized free or blank verses was intended more for silent reading than oral delivery. Noted poets in Tagalog during the American period were Julian Cruz Balmaceda, Florentino Collantes, Pedro Gatmaitan, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Benigno Ramos, Inigo Ed. Regalado, Ildefonso Santos, Lope K.  Santos, Aniceto Silvestre, Emilio Mar. Antonio, Alejandro Abadilla and Teodoro Agoncillo. Like the writers in English who formed themselves into organizations, Tagalog writers also formed the Ilaw at Panitik, and held discussions and workshops on the value of literature in society. Benigno Ramos, was one of the most politicized poets of the period as he aligned himself with the peasants of the Sakdal Movement. Fiction in Tagalog as well as in the other languages of the regions developed alongside the novel. Most fictionists are also novelists. Brigido Batungbakal , Macario Pineda and other writers chose to dwell on the vicissitudes of life in a changing rural landscape. Deogracias Del Rosario on the other hand, chose the city and the emerging social elite as subjects of his stories. He is considered the father of the modern short story in Tagalog Among the more popular fictionists who emerged during the period are two women writers, Liwayway Arceo and Genoveva Edroza Matute, considered forerunners in the use of â€Å"light† fiction, a kind of story telling that uses language through poignant rendition. Genoveva Edroza Matute’s â€Å"Ako’y Isang Tinig† and Liwayway Arceo’s â€Å"Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa† have been used as models of fine writing in Filipino by teachers of composition throughout the school system. Teodoro Agoncillo’s anthology 25 Pinakamahusay na Maiikling Kuwento (1945) included the foremost writers of fiction in the pre-war era. The separate, yet parallel developments of Philippine literature in English and those in Tagalog and other languages of the archipelago during the American period only prove that literature and writing in whatever language and in whatever climate are able to survive mainly through the active imagination of writers. Apparently, what was lacking during the period was for the writers in the various languages to come together, share experiences and come to a conclusion on the elements that constitute good writing in the Philippines.

Allegory of the Cave Summary

Allegory of the Cave Summary Plato’s Allegory of the Cave presents an enthralling concept that holds strong to this day. In the allegory three main ideas are illustrated : that we have been conditioned to a definite reality since birth, we scorn being brought into the ‘light’ of knowledge, and that we (as a society) reject anything that contradicts the notions of our preconceived reality. Clever Plato took these ideas and weaved them into an intriguing story of prisoners trapped in an underground cave, and then what happens when one of them was enLIGHTened.Surprisingly it applies in many ways to our society in modern times, nowadays no one questions what is true and what is false. It’s exactly as Aldous Huxley feared, we’ve become lost in a sea of information which debilitates us to gain conscious understanding of information. We’ve been raised in a society of ‘don’t question it’ which leaves the people vulnerable to the pe ople carrying the statues across the fire, creating our sense of reality. When we are first brought into this cave at the beginning of the allegory, it contains prisoners bound by chains in such a way as to force their heads to stare at this wall.It continues to tell us that they’ve been this way since birth, and that a massive fire behind them that allows them to see shadows broadcast onto the wall, periodically people go be the fire with statues of people and creatures which cast shadows onto the wall and this ‘shadow world’ is what the prisoners consider their reality. They are all content with this knowledge and nothing changes until one of the prisoners is set free. The prisoner, once he’s set free, is blinded by the fire the moment he turns his head to face the fire.He looks back to the shadows which he identifies as reality, and looks back and forth between the fire and the wall until he finally accepts that the fire may be more ‘real’. His enlightenment is continued as he’s forced up the stairs and forced into the sunlight to view the real world. He begins slowly only identifying shadows at first and slowly progresses until he’s able to identify the sun, and contemplate the sun as an idea and not just as an object.He continues learning about this new reality until he is fully convinced. Remembering his former companions he grows full of pity for them, knowing that they don’t share his knowledge of what is ‘real’ and what is a mere shade of reality. With this thought in his head he heads back to the cave. Once he’s back in the cave his eyes are full of darkness and he’s unable to see things as clearly as his companions, for he had grown accustomed to the reality of light, because of this his former companions made fun of him.They knew he wasn’t as adept to their reality, which they perceived as being the right one. Seeing what happened to their former companio n when he was taken into the light, they decided that they’d never ascend because if they ascended they’d lose their sight of ‘reality’. With that the enlightened one left, knowing that his companions were lost in blissful ignorance, and he could do nothing to convince them for fear of death.